A Wearable Coplanar Vivaldi Antenna (CVA) for Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Toddler Stunting Detection

Authors

  • Nurhayati Nurhayati Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • Mohammad As'ad Rosyadi Department of Informatics, Faculty of Information and Creative Technology, Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia, Gresik, Indonesia
  • Ahmed J. A. Al-Gburi Center for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Teknologi Dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik Dan Komputer (FTKEK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
  • Ismaini Zain Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
  • Rina Rifqie Mariana Department of Culinary Education Study, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
  • Annis Catur Adi Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • Nurul Muslihah Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
  • Amalia Ruhana Nutrition Study Program, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
Volume: 15 | Issue: 5 | Pages: 26564-26575 | October 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.12430

Received: 29 May 2025 | Revised: 23 June 2025, 9 July 2025, and 14 July 2025 | Accepted: 16 July 2025 | Online: 6 October 2025


Corresponding author: Nurhayati Nurhayati

Abstract

Stunting is a significant health issue affecting the growth of children under five, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to develop a portable stunting detection system integrated with a wearable Coplanar Vivaldi Antenna (CVA) using the Internet of Things (IoT) and an ESP32 microcontroller. The system comprises two components: a hat embedded with ultrasonic and flex sensors for measuring height and head circumference, and a platform equipped with a load cell sensor to measure body weight. The ESP-NOW communication protocol is implemented to enable real-time data synchronization. The CVA is integrated into the hat to enable wireless data transmission via IoT to the receiver unit. A parametric study of the CVA was conducted to investigate the effects of cavity width and corrugation. Simulation results show that a CVA with a cavity radius of 3.5 mm achieves an S11 below –10 dB across 1.98–3.76 GHz and 5.27–10.84 GHz, (133.17% bandwidth). Variations in the corrugated structure lead to differences in directivity, with the highest gain observed in CVA type C at 7.858 dBi. CVA type J demonstrates resonances at 2.39 GHz (–35.05 dB) and 5.87 GHz (–28.99 dB). The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was measured using a child voxel with a value of 0.279 W/kg. Testing shows high accuracy, with error rates of 0.16% for height, 0.13% for head circumference, and 0.08% for body weight, with a data transmission success rate of 93% up to 20 m. The system also calculates Z-scores based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards.

Keywords:

antenna, anthropometric, Internet of Things (IoT), Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), wearable antenna

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[1]
N. Nurhayati, “A Wearable Coplanar Vivaldi Antenna (CVA) for Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Toddler Stunting Detection ”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 26564–26575, Oct. 2025.

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Copyright (c) 2025 Nurhayati Nurhayati, Mohammad As'ad Rosyadi, Ahmed J. A. Al-Gburi, Ismaini Zain, Rina Rifqie Mariana, Annis Catur Adi, Nurul Muslihah, Amalia Ruhana

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