Design and Analysis of a Miniaturized-Metamaterial-Based Monopole Antenna for Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Communication System Using Machine Learning

Authors

  • Shadrack Naminde Ndete Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology, and Innovation (PAUSTI), Juja, Kenya
  • Franklin Muriuki Manene Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Nyeri, Kenya
  • Robert Macharia Maina Department of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya
Volume: 15 | Issue: 4 | Pages: 24125-24133 | August 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10710

Received: 28 February 2025 | Revised: 4 April 2025 and 15 April 2025 | Accepted: 19 April 2025 | Online: 20 May 2025


Corresponding author: Shadrack Naminde Ndete

Abstract

This research presents a miniaturized microstrip Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna based on double square ring Metamaterial (MTM) for modern wireless communication devices. The MTM unit cells are placed on the back of the antenna to help improve antenna parameters (i.e., bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern, and efficiency). The antenna is based on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.4, and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. To achieve a solution in the frequency domain, simulations were performed using Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software, an electromagnetic wave simulator based on a Finite Element Method (FEM)). Furthermore, a feeder with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω has been applied. To address the computational time challenges associated with electromagnetic simulators like HFSS, Machine Learning (ML) in the form of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been employed to optimize the antenna prior to the implementation of the MTM structure. The antenna's overall surface area is 24 × 12 mm2, with an absolute bandwidth of 15.53 GHz, ranging from 3.83 GHz to 19.36 GHz. The maximum efficiency and gain are 98.79 % and 4.72 dB, respectively. The UWB antenna demonstrates superior performance in comparison to the results reported in recent studies employing MTMs and ML principles for optimization.

Keywords:

microstrip antenna, miniaturized, metamaterials, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

M. S. Jameel, Y. S. Mezaal, and D. C. Atilla, "Miniaturized Coplanar Waveguide-Fed UWB Antenna for Wireless Applications," Symmetry, vol. 15, no. 3, Mar. 2023, Art. no. 633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15030633

Y. S. Mezaal, K. Al-Majdi, A. Al-Hilalli, A. A. Al-Azzawi, and A. A. Almukhtar, "New miniature microstrip antenna for UWB wireless communications," Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 194–202, May 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3176/proc.2022.2.06

M. F. Ahmed, A. Z. Md. T. Islam, and M. H. Kabir, "Design of a Ultra-Wideband Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna with Improved Bandwidth," International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 6–12, Oct. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V8I5P102

J. Nourinia, C. Ghobadi, and B. Mohammadi, "Printed UWB Antennas: Design and Principle," in Wideband, Multiband, and Smart Antenna Systems, M. A. Matin, Ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 39–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74311-6_3

A. K. Nghaimesh and A. K. Jassim, "Triple-Band Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication," Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 65–75, Jan. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.1.5

N. A. Othman et al., "Zero-Biasing Split Ring Resonator using Metamaterial Element for High Gain Superstrates Ultra-Wideband Antenna," Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 321–330, Mar. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.1.321330

M. Moniruzzaman et al., "Gap coupled symmetric split ring resonator based near zero index ENG metamaterial for gain improvement of monopole antenna," Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, May 2022, Art. no. 7406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11029-7

M. M. Islam, M. T. Islam, M. Samsuzzaman, M. R. I. Faruque, N. Misran, and M. F. Mansor, "A Miniaturized Antenna with Negative Index Metamaterial Based on Modified SRR and CLS Unit Cell for UWB Microwave Imaging Applications," Materials, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 392–407, Feb. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8020392

M. Alsharari, A. Armghan, and K. Aliqab, "Monopole Antenna Modeling and Optimization for 5G Communication System using Machine Learning," in 2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Marrakesh, Morocco, 2023, pp. 390–393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCMC58020.2023.10183161

M. Mushaib, D. A. Kumar, and D. R. K. Singh, "Designing and Validation of Micro strip Patch Antenna Using Artificial Neural Networks," International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 440–459, Jun. 2024.

D. Sarkar, T. Khan, and R. H. Laskar, "Multi-parametric ANN modelling for interference rejection in UWB antennas," International Journal of Electronics, vol. 107, no. 12, pp. 2068–2083, Dec. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2020.1756449

N. Sarker, P. Podder, M. R. H. Mondal, S. S. Shafin, and J. Kamruzzaman, "Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Antenna Design, Optimization, and Selection: A Review," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 103890–103915, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3317371

M. Sagik et al., "C-shaped split ring resonator type metamaterial antenna design using neural network," Optical Engineering, vol. 60, no. 4, Apr. 2021, Art. no. 047106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.60.4.047106

N. K. Majji, V. N. Madhavareddy, G. Immadi, N. Ambati, and S. M. Aovuthu, "Analysis of a Compact Electrically Small Antenna with SRR for RFID Applications," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 12457–12463, Feb. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6418

N. E. H. Nasri, M. EL Ghzaoui, S. Das, B. Jackson, B. T. P. Madhav, and M. Fattah, "A square split ring resonator-based metamaterial integrated high gain 4 × 4 MIMO antenna with circular polarization for wideband 5G millimeter-wave applications," Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, Apr. 2024, Art. no. 971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-06914-6

N. A. Othman, M. A. Jamlos, W. A. Mustafa, and S. Z. Syed Idrus, "Simulation Study of Metamaterial Effect towards Ultra Wide Band Antenna," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 917, no. 1, Sep. 2020, Art. no. 012073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/917/1/012073

S. S. Al-Bawri et al., "Metamaterial Cell-Based Superstrate towards Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Quad-Band CPW-Fed Antenna for Wireless Applications," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 2, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020457

S. S. Al-Bawri et al., "Compact Ultra-Wideband Monopole Antenna Loaded with Metamaterial," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030796

D. K. Somwanshi, "Review of Antenna Performance Based on Metamaterials," in Metamaterial Technology and Intelligent Metasurfaces for Wireless Communication Systems, S. Mehta and A. N. Abougreen, Eds. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2023, pp. 36–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8287-2.ch002

M. S. Karoui, N. Ghariani, M. Lahiani, and H. Ghariani, "Bandwidth Enhancement of a Bell-shaped UWB Antenna for Indoor Localization Systems," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 6691–6695, Feb. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3975

A. K. Singh, M. P. Abegaonkar, and S. K. Koul, Metamaterials for Antenna Applications, 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003045885-1

E. Ahamed, M. R. I. Faruque, M. F. B. Mansor, and M. T. Islam, "Polarization-dependent tunneled metamaterial structure with enhanced fields properties for X-band application," Results in Physics, vol. 15, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 102530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102530

S. K. Ibrahim et al., "Compact metamaterial-based single/double-negative/near-zero index resonator for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless applications," Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, Jun. 2024, Art. no. 12834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63610-x

U. M. Lambert, U. K. Michael, and O. A. Bernard, "Ultra-wideband Metamaterial-based Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and other Microwave Applications," Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1–10, Jul. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i7932

K. Y. Yazdandoost and R. Kohno, "Design and Analysis of an Antenna for Ultra-Wideband System," in 14th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, Dresden, Germany, 2005.

S. Ahmad et al., "A Jug-Shaped CPW-Fed Ultra-Wideband Printed Monopole Antenna for Wireless Communications Networks," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 2, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020821

F. Ahmed, H. Kabir, and T. Islam, "Design of a compact patch antenna with bandwidth and efficiency improvement for UWB applications," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, May 2023, Art. no. 2023030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023030

P. K. Sharma, D. Sharma, T. J. V. S. Rao, J. R. Szymański, M. Żurek-Mortka, and M. Sathiyanarayanan, "Design & implementation of a meta-material based ultra-wide band microstrip patch antenna for vehicular communication," Microsystem Technologies, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 547–558, Feb. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-024-05831-8

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
S. N. Ndete, F. M. Manene, and R. M. Maina, “Design and Analysis of a Miniaturized-Metamaterial-Based Monopole Antenna for Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Communication System Using Machine Learning”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 24125–24133, Aug. 2025.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 482
PDF Downloads: 531

Metrics Information

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Shadrack Naminde Ndete, Franklin Muriuki Manene, Robert Macharia Maina

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.