Effect of Single Oxide Fluxes on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of ATIG on 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds

Authors

  • A. Hdhibi Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia | Preparatory Engineering Institute of Nabeul (IPEIN), Tunisia
  • K. Touileb Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  • R. Djoudjou Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  • A. Ouis Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  • M. L. Bouazizi Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  • J. Chakhari Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) is a wide common process used in fabrication due to its low cost equipment, high quality and accuracy welds but has low productivity related to the low penetration depth in single pass. A new perspective, the Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (ATIG), in which the same equipment as TIG is used, except that a thin layer of activated flux is deposited on a workpiece surface. In this work, eight kinds of oxides were tested on 316L austenitic stainless steel. Three levels of welding current were used to study the effect of different activating fluxes on weld bead geometry and mechanical properties. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used for the first and the second level energy for different ATIG welds to analyze the relationship between the weld shape and oxygen content in welds. The experimental results showed that the weld profile is related to the thermodynamic stability of selected oxides and in relation to the energy provided. ATIG with TiO2, SiO2, MnO2 oxides presented the deepest welds followed by Cr2O3, Fe2O3, and ZnO. Finally ZrO2, CaO oxides had no effect on the weld depth. The ATIG welded joint showed better tensile strength than TIG. The ATIG hardness measurements carried out showed also better if not the same as TIG weld except for the Silicon oxide weld. Results of the impact test showed that, except for the titanium dioxide TiO2 which has a good benefit, the weldment using the other oxide fluxes exhibits worse withstanding to sudden shock than TIG welding.

Keywords:

ATIG, austenitic stainless steel, weld shape, mechanical properties

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

H. Y. Huang, S. W. Shyu, K. H. Tseng, C. P. Chou, “Evaluation of TIG flux welding on the characteristics of stainless steel”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 566–573, 2005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/174329305X48329

S. W. Shyu, H. Y. Huang, K. H. Tseng, C. P. Chou, “Study of the performance of stainless steel A-TIG welds”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 197–201, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9139-7

S. M. Gurevich, V. N. Zamkov, N. A. Kushnirenk., “Improving the penetration of titanium alloys when they are welded by argon tungsten arc process”, Automatic Welding, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 1-5, 1965

A. M. Makara, B. N. Kushnirenko, V. N. Zamkov, “High-tensile martensitic steels welded by argon tungsten arc process using flux”, Automatic Welding, Vol. 7, pp. 78-79, 1968

A. G. Simonik, “The effect of contraction of the arc discharge upon the introduction of electro-negative elements”, Welding Production, Vol. 3, pp. 49-51, 1976

W. Lucas, D. S. Howse, “An investigation into arc constriction by active fluxes for TIG (A-TIG) welding”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 189–193, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/136217100101538191

W. Lucas, D. S. Howse, “Activating flux - increasing the performance and productivity of the TIG and plasma processes”, Welding and Metal Fabrication, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 11–17, 1996

C. R. Heiple, J. R. Roper, “Mechanism for minor element effect on GTA fusion zone geometry”, Welding Journal, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 97s-102s, 1982

C. R. Heiple, J. R. Roper,“Effect of selenium on GTAW fusion zone geometry”, Welding Journal, Vol. 60, No.8, pp. 143–145, 1981

C. R. Heiple, J. R. Roper, R. T. Stagner, R. J. Aden, “Surface active element effects on the shape of GTA, Laser, and electron beam welds”, Welding Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 72–77, 1983

P. S. Korinko, S. H. Malene, “Considerations for the Weldability of Types 304L and 316L Stainless Steels” Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 61–68, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02715336

K.-H. Tseng, K.-J. Chuang. “Application of iron-based powders in tungsten inert gas welding for 17Cr–10Ni–2Mo alloys”, Powder Technology, Vol. 228, pp. 36–46, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.047

C. R. Heiple, J. R. Roper, “Effects of SO2 shielding gas addition on GTA weld shape welding”, Welding journal, Vol. 64, No.6, pp. 159s-162s, 1985

P. Sahoo, T. DebRoy, M. J. McNallan, “Surface tension of binary metal—surface active solute systems under conditions relevant to welding metallurgy”, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. B19, No. 3, pp. 483-491, 1988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657748

J. E. Indacochea, D. L. Olson, “Relationship of weld Metal microstructure and penetration to weld metal oxygen content”, Journal of Materials for Energy Systems, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 139-148, 1983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02833367

H. Tamatsu, K. Nogi, K.Ogino, “Surface tension of liquid iron-oxygen alloy Journal of High Temperature Society, Vol. 18, pp. 14-19, 1992

S. Lu, H. Fujii, H. Sugiyama, M. Tanaka, K. Nogi, “Weld penetration and marangoni convection with oxide fluxes in GTA weldin”, Materials Transsactions, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 2926–2931, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.2926

Q. Li, X. Wang, Z. Zou, J. Wu, “Effect of activating flux on arc shape and arc voltage in tungsten inert gas welding”, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 486-490, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60120-4

R. Duhan, S. Choudhary, “Effect of different fluxes on hardness and microstructure of SS 304 in GTAW welding”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1-8, 2014

T.-S. Chern, K.-H. Tseng, H.-L. Tsai, “Study of the characteristics of duplex stainless steel activated tungsten inert gas welds” Materials and Design, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 255–263, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.056

P. J. Modenesi, E. A. R. Apolinario, I. M. Pereira. “TIG welding with single-component fluxes”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 99, No. 1-3, pp. 260-265, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00435-5

P. Vasantharaja, M. Vasudevan, “Studies on A-TIG welding of Low Activation Ferritic/Martensitic (LAFM) steel”, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 421, pp. 117–123, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.11.062

K.-H. Tseng, C.-Y. Hsu, “Performance of activated TIG process in austenitic stainless steel welds”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 211, No. 3, pp. 503–512, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.11.003

C. Yang, S. Lin, F. Liu, L. Wu, Q. Zhang, “Research on the mechanism of penetration increase by flux in ATIG welding”, Journal of Materials Science and Technology –Shenyang, Vol. 19, pp. 225-227, 2003

S. Choudhary, R. Duhan, “Effect of Activated Flux on Properties of SS 304 Using TIG Welding” IJE Transactions B: Applications Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 290-295, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ije.2015.28.02b.16

H.-Y. Huang, “Effects of activating flux on the welded joint characteristics in gas metal arc welding”, Materials and Design, Vol. 3, pp. 2488–2495, 2010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.043

B. G. Paul, K. C. Ramesh Kumar, “Effect of single component and binary fluxes on the depth of penetration in a-TIG welding of Inconel alloy 800H austenitic stainless steel”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Global Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1791-1795, 2017

K.-H. Tseng, W.-C. Wang, “Study of Silica-Titania Mixed Flux Assisted TIG Welding Process”, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 291-294, 949-953, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.291-294.949

A. B. Patel, S. P. Patel, “The effect of activating fluxes in TIG welding by using Anova for SS 321”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 41-48, 2014

G. Venkatesan, J. George, M. Sowmyasri, V. Muthupandi, “Effect of ternary fluxes on depth of penetration in A-TIG welding of AISI 409 ferritic stainless steel”, Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 5, pp. 2402-2410, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.485

K.-H. Tseng, K.-L. Chen, “Comparisons Between TiO2- and SiO2-Flux Assisted TIG Welding Processes”, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 12, pp. 6359–6367, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6419

E. Ahmadi, A. R. Ebrahimi, R. Azari Khosroshahi, “Welding of 304 stainless steel with activated tungsten inert gas process”, International Journal of ISSI, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 27–33, 2013

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
Hdhibi, A., Touileb, K., Djoudjou, R., Ouis, A., Bouazizi, M.L. and Chakhari, J. 2018. Effect of Single Oxide Fluxes on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of ATIG on 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 8, 3 (Jun. 2018), 3064–3072. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2097.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 939
PDF Downloads: 518

Metrics Information

Most read articles by the same author(s)