The Effect of Coating Temperature on the Mechanical and Adhesive Properties of Polypropylene-Coated Kraft and Duplex Papers
Received: 25 May 2025 | Revised: 1 August 2025 | Accepted: 11 August 2025 | Online: 6 October 2025
Corresponding author: Putu Hadi Setyarini
Abstract
This study explores the impact of coating temperature on the mechanical and adhesive properties of Polypropylene (PP)-coated Kraft and Duplex papers, with a focus on sustainable packaging applications. PP coatings were applied at three different temperatures, 150°C, 200°C, and 230°C, using a hot press method. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength and peel strength, as well as the surface morphology of the coated papers, were evaluated. The results revealed that both the tensile and peel strength significantly improved as the coating temperature increased, with the best performance observed at 230°C. For the Kraft paper, the tensile strength increased from 2,548.1 kPa at 150°C to 2,748.8 kPa at 230°C, while the peel strength increased from 122.6 N to 151.5 N. The duplex paper showed a similar trend, with the tensile strength rising from 1,570.0 kPa at 150°C to 1,836.8 kPa at 230°C and the peel strength increasing from 107.9 N to 132.1 N. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that higher temperatures resulted in more uniform PP coatings, leading to improved adhesion. These findings suggest that the reduced polymer viscosity at higher temperatures enhances the polymer penetration, improving the bonding to paper fibers. This study highlights the potential of temperature optimization to enhance the performance of PP-coated papers, contributing to the development of sustainable packaging materials.
Keywords:
PP coating, coating temperature, tensile strength, adhesive strength, sustainable packagingDownloads
References
C. Zhao, X. Qi, J. Wang, F. Du, and X. Shi, "Predicting Possible New Links to Future Global Plastic Waste Trade Networks," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 8, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 4692.
Y. Liang, Q. Tan, Q. Song, and J. Li, "An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Trade and Management in Asia," Waste Management, vol. 119, pp. 242–253, Jan. 2021.
C. H. Ng et al., "Plastic Waste and Microplastic Issues in Southeast Asia," Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 11, Apr. 2023, Art. no. 1142071.
S. L. Goh et al., "Life Cycle Assessment of Plastic Waste End-of-life Scenarios in South and South East Asia," Waste Management, vol. 200, June 2025, Art. no. 114760.
B. P. S. Gautam, A. Qureshi, A. Gwasikoti, V. Kumar, and M. Gondwal, "Global Scenario of Plastic Production, Consumption, and Waste Generation and Their Impacts on Environment and Human Health," in Advanced Strategies for Biodegradation of Plastic Polymers, R. Soni, P. Debbarma, D. C. Suyal, and R. Goel, Eds. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024, pp. 1–34.
Z. Arifin, D. Falahudin, H. Saito, T. H. Mintarsih, M. Hafizt, and Y. Suteja, "Indonesian Policy and Researches Toward 70% Reduction of Marine Plastic Pollution By 2025," Marine Policy, vol. 155, Sept. 2023, Art. no. 105692.
L. K. Ncube, A. U. Ude, E. N. Ogunmuyiwa, R. Zulkifli, and I. N. Beas, "An Overview of Plastic Waste Generation and Management in Food Packaging Industries," Recycling, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 12.
T. Fadiji, M. Rashvand, M. O. Daramola, and S. A. Iwarere, "A Review on Antimicrobial Packaging for Extending the Shelf Life of Food," Processes, vol. 11, no. 2, Feb. 2023, Art. no. 590.
H. El Kolli and M. El Kolli, "Preparation and Characterization of Gelatin-Based Films Cross-Linked by Two Essential Oils at Different Concentrations and Plasticized with Glycerol," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 7489–7494, Aug. 2021.
F. Wu, M. Misra, and A. K. Mohanty, "Challenges and New Opportunities on Barrier Performance of Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging," Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 117, June 2021, Art. no. 101395.
H. Rostamabadi et al., "Recent Trends in the Application of Films and Coatings Based on Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Chitosan, Xanthan, Gellan, Pullulan, Arabic Gum, Alginate, Pectin, and Carrageenan in Food Packaging," Food Frontiers, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 350–391, Mar. 2024.
S. Basak, M. S. Dangate, and S. Samy, "Oil- and Water-Resistant Paper Coatings: A Review," Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 186, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 107938.
Md. T. Hossain et al., "Research and Application of Polypropylene: A Review," Discover Nano, vol. 19, no. 1, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 2.
M. Khlewee, W. DeSisto, and D. Bousfield, "Comparison of Methods to Characterize the Penetration of Hot Melt Adhesive into Paper," Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 147–155, Mar. 2023.
M. Mohammed et al., "Surface Treatment to Improve Water Repellence and Compatibility of Natural Fiber with Polymer Matrix: Recent Advancement," Polymer Testing, vol. 115, Nov. 2022, Art. no. 107707.
M. M. Owen, E. O. Achukwu, A. Z. Romli, and H. Md Akil, "Recent Advances on Improving the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Kenaf Fibers/Engineering Thermoplastic Composites Using Novel Coating Techniques: A Review," Composite Interfaces, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 849–875, Aug. 2023.
M. A. Karim, M. Z. Abdullah, A. F. Deifalla, M. Azab, and A. Waqar, "An Assessment of the Processing Parameters and Application of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) In the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries: A Review," Results in Engineering, vol. 18, June 2023, Art. no. 101091.
M. A. Karim, M. Z. Abdullah, A. Waqar, A. F. Deifalla, A. E. Ragab, and M. Khan, "Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of the Single Layered Braid Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (BRTP) for Oil & Gas Industries," Results in Engineering, vol. 20, Dec. 2023, Art. no. 101483.
A. Waqar et al., "Analyzing the Success of Adopting Metaverse in Construction Industry: Structural Equation Modelling," Journal of Engineering, vol. 2023, pp. 1–21, Sept. 2023.
C. A. Azevedo, S. M. C. Rebola, E. M. Domingues, F. M. L. Figueiredo, and D. V. Evtuguin, "Relationship Between Surface Properties and Fiber Network Parameters of Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps and Their Absorption Capacity," Surfaces, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 265–281, June 2020.
A. Ait Benhamou et al., "How can Cellulosic Fibers Enhance Adhesion in Engineered Wood?," Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 161, Dec. 2024, Art. no. 100852.
G. Y. Lim, R. J. X. Kuek, J. Teo, I. P. Seetoh, and C. Q. Lai, "Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Kraft Paper Lattices and Paper-Epoxy Interpenetrating Phase Composites for Polymer Foam Replacement," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 77, Sept. 2023, Art. no. 103816.
F.-Z. Semlali et al., "Thermo-compression Process-Mediated In-situ Cellulose Microfibers Phosphorylation Enables High Performant Cellulosic Paper Packaging," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 473, Oct. 2023, Art. no. 145268.
X. Peng and Z. Zhang, "Research of Polypropylene (PP) Decorative Board Surface Painting Used for Wood Product Decoration and the Paint Film Adhesion Improvement by Plasma," Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 246–262, Feb. 2020.
M. A. Karim, M. Z. Abdullah, and T. Ahmed, "An Overview: The Processing Methods of Fiber-reinforced Polymers (FRPs)," International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2021.
P. Harahap et al., "Power Conversion from Solar Panels using a 3000-watt Inverter," Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 260–272, Nov. 2024.
C. Cholish et al., "Performance Measurement of Peltier Element Design using Solar Test Simulator Concerning Light and Temperature Parameters," Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 231–243, Nov. 2024.
A. Abdullah et al., "Optimization of Solar Power Plant with Variation of Solar Reflector Angles and Use of Passive Cooling Integrated Internet of Things," Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 233–248, Nov. 2024.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Hadi Setyarini, Muhammad Fadly Zon Baharuddin, Francisca Gayuh Utami Dewi, Dwi Hadi Sulistyarini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
